Le Clicker training : qu’est-ce que c’est ?

C’est une méthode d’apprentissage pour tous les animaux, y compris les humains, développée aux USA depuis les années 1980 avec des mammifères marins par Karen Pryor.

Cette technique est, selon de nombreuses études, 40 fois plus puissante que les méthodes dites traditionnelles. Elle repose sur une théorie excessivement riche basée sur de nombreuses études scientifiques.

Qu’est-ce que le clicker ?

C’est une petite boite en plastique peu encombrante qui émet un son bref constant et non chargé d’émotions. Ce bruit, sans valeur initiale, devient très rapidement un marqueur important pour l’animal, car il est toujours suivi de quelque chose d’agréable (nourriture, jouet…) par conditionnement classique (Pavlov).

Cela permet de signifier à l’animal qu’à l’instant précis du comportement qu’il réalise, il sera récompensé dans la seconde suivante.

Un entraînement en renforcement positif

Dans un 2ème temps, l’animal reproduira intentionnellement le comportement qui a déclenché le son du clicker par conditionnement opérant (Skinner).

Le principe fondamental de cette technique est de renforcer, donc d’augmenter la fréquence des comportements désirés, et par ailleurs d’ignorer les comportements indésirables pour les diminuer et de les faire disparaître par extinction.

C’est pourquoi nous parlons d’une méthode « par renforcement positif ».

Pourquoi le clicker training ?

Nous emmenons les propriétaires et leurs animaux vers le succès, avec le respect de l’animal sans intimidation physique et psychique. Le couple humain-animal devient une équipe gagnante basée sur la confiance. Comme précédemment évoqué, c’est une technique très précise et par ce fait très efficace.

La seule limite de cette méthode d’apprentissage reste le seuil de notre imagination !

Par ailleurs le clicker training ne présente pas les effets délétères, parfois graves, tels l’agressivité, qui peuvent survenir avec des méthodes traditionnelles utilisant la punition effective ou la contrainte sur l’animal.

Les animaux travaillés au clicker training sont coopérants, heureux de travailler et ont une excellente relation et complicité avec les entraîneurs.

Avec le clicker training, nous pouvons créer des chaînes de comportement complexes, du médical training dans les zoos ; ceci est absolument impossible avec des méthodes traditionnelles, qui utilisent la punition et l’apprentissage par évitement. Comment voulez-vous punir un papillon, un ours ou un dauphin ? …

Outre l’éducation canine, le clicker training est utilisé de plus en plus en intervention en comportement animal, car il a un effet sur la libération de la dopamine, qui est un neurotransmetteur entraînant un mieux-être de l’animal. Donc fait très intéressant cette méthode agit sur le statut émotionnel de l’animal, et permet beaucoup plus facilement de travailler un animal. En effet un animal ne peut apprendre quand il est trop stressé car il est dans ses réflexes de défense qui sont les « 4 F » :  fuite, faire fuir, figer et faire semblant.

Alors vous avez compris : je suis absolument séduite par cette technique qui m’enchante encore plus chaque jour, mais qui nécessite pour être utilisée correctement de bien connaître la théorie complexe et d’apprendre à la pratiquer sur différentes espèces animales afin d’avoir de bonnes bases mécaniques.

Cette méthode est si précise, si puissante et si respectueuse ! Alors ensemble, voulez-vous aller vers le succès ?

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